Notes about punctuation in formal writing
When writing formal pieces, some pitfalls in the punctuation are easy to avoid once you know them. Punctuation marks such as the comma, the semi-colon, the colon and the period are useful for organising phrases and clauses, facilitating the reading, and disambiguating. However, these marks are also liable to underuse, as in the case of run-on sentences; misuse, as in the comma splice; and overuse, as it often happens with the Oxford comma.
Run-on sentences: insufficient punctuation
Example (notice the absence of punctuation marks around ‘therefore’):
* Specific agendas in media organisations lead to information being manipulated or hidden therefore individual research efforts are valuable.
Possible alternative:
Specific agendas in media organisations lead to information being manipulated or hidden. Therefore, individual research efforts are valuable.
Comma splice: misused punctuation
A type of run-on sentence, the comma splice is characterised by the use of of too-weak punctuation forms; often, using a comma instead of a semi-colon or a period.
Example (notice the comma before ‘therefore’):
* Specific agendas in media organisations lead to information being manipulated or hidden, therefore individual research efforts are valuable.
Possible alternative: see above.
Oxford comma: sometimes overused
The Oxford, or serial, comma (namely, the comma preceding the word ‘and’ before the last item in a series) has the purpose of facilitating the reading and disambiguating. Where that purpose is not necessary, neither is the comma.
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